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Maximilian
Heeg

Assistant Investigator · MD

We study how immune cells read the signals in their tissue, and how we can change what they do.

How tissues shape immune responses

How does a tissue tell its immune cells what to do? Immune cells constantly read signals from their surroundings: tissue damage, the microbiome, nerves, stromal cells, metabolites. We study how these cues are integrated to drive immune responses, and how we can manipulate them to treat disease.

Much of our work so far is on tissue-resident memory T cells. We found that where a T cell sits decides which signals it receives, and those signals decide what it becomes. Now we want to know which signals matter most, and whether we can turn them up or down to improve immunity against infection and cancer, or to calm autoimmunity.

Xenium image showing the boundary staining
Xenium image showing the cell outlines

Xenium experiment of a mouse small intestine. Immunofluorescence and cell outlines are shown.

To study this, we map where cells sit in a tissue and which genes they switch on. Then we perturb genes in mouse models to test which signals matter.

A few current projects are below. The projects page has the rest, including older work.

New preprint: SpatialTRACE

SpatialTRACE predicts anatomical axes and regions in spatial transcriptomics and microscopy — even from DAPI alone.

Read the preprint
Xenium spatial transcriptomics of the mouse small intestine

New study in Nature: mapping intestinal T cell memory formation

Spatial transcriptomics reveals how tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells are spatiotemporally imprinted in the small intestine.

Read the paper

Selected Publications

2026
Nature
Neuro-epithelial circuits promote sensory convergence and intestinal immunity.
W. Zhang, E. R. Emanuel, H. Yano, J. Uddin, S. Gaudino, Z. Xie, H. Ichise, Z. Wang, M. N. Cowan, M. Lyu, X. Hou, P. Zeng, E. Hu, V. Ribeiro de Godoy, A. Grier, N. Estep, J. R. Ishibashi, S. Anover-Sombke, P. J. Skene, T. Mayassi, R. J. Xavier, R. N. Germain, A.-M. Globig, M. Heeg, A. W. Goldrath, B. S. Kim, H. Hu, and D. Artis.
DOI
2026
bioRxiv
SpatialTRACE predicts anatomical axes and regions in spatial transcriptomics and microscopy.
A. T. Monell, A. A. Gogate, D. Patravali, K. Abadie, G. W. Yeo, A. W. Goldrath, and M. Heeg.
DOI
2025
Nature
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cell diversity is spatiotemporally imprinted.
M. Reina-Campos, A. Monell, A. Ferry, V. Luna, K. P. Cheung, G. Galletti, N. E. Scharping, K. K. Takehara, S. Quon, P. P. Challita, B. Boland, Y. H. Lin, W. H. Wong, C. S. Indralingam, H. Neadeau, S. Alarcón, G. W. Yeo, J. T. Chang, M. Heeg, and A. W. Goldrath.
DOI
2023
Nature
Metabolic programs of T cell tissue residency empower tumour immunity.
M. Reina-Campos, M. Heeg, K. Kennewick, I. T. Mathews, G. Galletti, V. Luna, Q. Nguyen, H. Huang, J. J. Milner, K. H. Hu, A. Vichaidit, N. Santillano, B. S. Boland, J. T. Chang, M. Jain, S. Sharma, M. F. Krummel, H. Chi, S. J. Bensinger, and A. W. Goldrath.
DOI
2023
Nature
The beta(1)-adrenergic receptor links sympathetic nerves to T cell exhaustion.
A.-M. Globig, S. Zhao, J. Roginsky, V. I. Maltez, J. Guiza, N. Avina-Ochoa, M. Heeg, F. Araujo Hoffmann, O. Chaudhary, J. Wang, G. Senturk, D. Chen, C. O'Connor, S. Pfaff, R. N. Germain, K. A. Schalper, B. Emu, and S. M. Kaech.
DOI
2022
Nat Immunol
Tissue-resident memory CD8(+) T cells possess unique transcriptional, epigenetic and functional adaptations to different tissue environments.
J. T. Crowl, M. Heeg, A. Ferry, J. J. Milner, K. D. Omilusik, C. Toma, Z. He, J. T. Chang, and A. W. Goldrath.
DOI

About Maximilian

What drives me

I'm interested in how the immune system tells self from foreign, and what happens when that goes wrong. A tissue never leaves that decision to the immune cell alone, so we study the cell together with its surroundings.

An unconventional path

This fascination led me to take an unconventional path as a medical doctor: starting with a basic research rotation during medical school, followed by a postdoctoral position at UCSD focusing on tissue residency after acute infection, and ultimately the establishment of my own research group at the Allen Institute for Immunology in Seattle.

Training & education

Supported by a scholarship from the German National Academic Foundation, Maximilian obtained his medical degree from the University of Freiburg, where he completed his residency in pediatrics focusing on immune disorders. His postdoctoral fellowship in Ananda Goldrath's lab at UCSD was supported by the German Research Foundation.